Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a complex tangle of abnormal arteries and veins that can occur anywhere in the body. Normally, arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the brain, and veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the lungs and heart. But in an AVM, the arteries connect directly to veins via a tangle of blood vessels, disrupting this vital cycle. AVM can lead to various health issues, including bleeding, seizures, or other neurological symptoms. AVMs are congenital, meaning they are present at birth. 

Many individuals with AVMs may not experience any symptoms. Depending on the location and size of the AVM, patients may experience pain or swelling. If the AVM involves the skin, it can ulcerate and bleed. 

The exact cause of AVMs is unknown, but they are believed to form during fetal development. Certain genetic factors may play a role. Risks associated with AVMs include bleeding, seizures, and neurological deficits. The risk of rupture varies depending on the AVM. 

Talk to a Doctor 

If you experience or have concerns about AVMs, discuss them with your doctor. A referral to a specialist might be necessary for further evaluation. 

Role of Vascular Surgeon 

Vascular surgeons are specialists that diagnose and treat AVMs. They collaborate with other specialists to determine the best approach to treat a patient’s condition.  

Diagnosis 

Diagnostic tests for an AVM might include vascular ultrasound, MRI or CT scans, or angiography. 

Treatment options depend on the location, size, and symptoms caused by the AVM, as well as the patient’s overall health. Treatment might include 

• Medical management, which addresses AVM symptoms.
• Surgery, to remove the AVM if it is accessible and the risk of surgery is acceptable.
• Embolization, which is a minimally invasive endovascular procedure that reduces the size of the AVM or closes off the abnormal blood vessels.
• Stereotactic radiosurgery, a focused radiation treatment that aims to damage the vessels in the AVM and cause them to close off over time.

Careful monitoring and follow-up care are critical for all patients with AVMs, whether they undergo treatment or not.